Types of Aphasia Free Essays

Aphasia is a correspondence issue. It’s an aftereffect of harm or injury to language parts of the cerebrum. Also, it’s progressively basic in more established grown-ups, especially the individuals who have had a stroke. We will compose a custom paper test on Kinds of Aphasia or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Aphasia hinders a person’s capacity to utilize or get words. Aphasia doesn't debilitate the person’s knowledge. Individuals who have aphasia may experience issues talking and finding the â€Å"right† words to finish their contemplations. They may likewise have issues getting discussion, perusing and fathoming composed words, composing words, and utilizing numbers. What Causes Aphasia? Aphasia may likewise be brought about by a cerebrum tumor, mind contamination, or dementia, for example, Alzheimer’s sickness. Now and again, aphasia is a side effect of epilepsy or other neurological issue. What Are the Types of Aphasia? Expressive aphasia (non-familiar): With expressive aphasia, the individual recognizes what the person needs to state yet experiences issues imparting it to other people. It doesn’t matter whether the individual is attempting to state or compose what the person is attempting to impart. Open aphasia (familiar): With responsive aphasia, the individual can hear a voice or read the print, yet may not comprehend the importance of the message. In many cases, somebody with open aphasia takes language truly. Their own discourse might be upset since they don't comprehend their own language. Anomic aphasia. With anomic aphasia, the individual has word-discovering challenges. This is called anomia. In view of the challenges, the individual battles to locate the correct words for expressing and composing. Worldwide aphasia. This is the most extreme sort of aphasia. It is regularly observed just after somebody has a stroke. With worldwide aphasia, the individual experiences issues talking and getting words. Also, the individual can't peruse or compose. Essential dynamic aphasia. Essential dynamic aphasia is an uncommon issue where individuals gradually lose their capacity to talk, read, compose, and grasp what they hear in discussion over some undefined time frame. With a stroke, aphasia may improve with appropriate treatment. There is no treatment to invert essential dynamic aphasia. Individuals with essential dynamic aphasia can convey in manners other than discourse. For example, they may utilize motions. Also, many profit by a mix of language training and drugs. What Are the Symptoms of Aphasia? The primary indications of aphasia include: Trouble speaking Struggling with finding the suitable term or word Using bizarre or wrong words in discussion Step by step instructions to refer to Types of Aphasia, Papers

Sustainable Solutions Paper (Answering Questions) Essay

Feasible Solutions Paper (Answering Questions) - Essay Example This shows a test that the organization faces in its flexibly chain business. This paper speaks to an investigation of the organization utilizing conventional key reasoning apparatuses. Partner Identification and Value Analysis Stakeholders allude to association, people, or gatherings of people who might be influenced by a company’s choice. Clients are the principle partners of the organization. This is on the grounds that the organization has an obligation of meeting their scent and aroma prerequisites. Along these lines, any choice made by the organization concerning the idea of the item is probably going to influence the clients. The clients characterize the corporate-level system of the organization. This is on the grounds that customer’s fulfillment designates 'Albani’s principle business. Business-level methodology is the other huge endeavor level procedure. The procedure characterizes the company’s intensity and supportability in the fragrance busin ess. The company’s workers have added to the company’s manageability through the making of top notch items. The company’s loan specialists and advertisers have additionally added to the company’s development and manageability by guaranteeing that the organization has adequate capital. Albani advertisers and loan specialists satisfy the utilitarian level system of the business. At long last, the organization has a social obligation that is past creation of benefits. These obligations characterize the job of the association and the fundamental impression of general society towards the association. The general public, which is a greater set that contains the company’s clients speak to Albani’s open picture. Culture: Organizational culture alludes to â€Å"a assortment of qualities and standards inside an association which are shared by all partners and they decide or control how individuals interface (Macmillan, 2007). As per the article, Alba ni’s hierarchical culture can be named â€Å"bet your organization culture.† The company’s choices majorly affect its clients. Accordingly, major choices are taken subsequent to thinking about the perspectives on all the partners. For example changing the brand name of a specific scent will require the endorsement of the clients and other important partners. Such choices require statistical surveying that may set aside a long effort to appear. Coordinated Concepts from Readings According to the past archives, the accomplishment of an organization relies upon different variables. Every one of these elements has a task to carry out in deciding the general idea of the company’s outer or interior condition. The venture level procedures characterize the job of the business and its observation as per the general public. Consequently, endeavor procedures are worried about the corporate social duty of the business. The company’s culture and venture procedu res are compatible in spite of not been firmly related. This demonstrates an organization may have statement of purpose that isn't adjusted to its undertaking methodologies. Be that as it may, the company’s vision ought to be harmonious to its undertaking systems. Something else, its vision won't be huge to its activities. General Force Analysis General powers are factors that influence all business working in a specific industry. This shows the general powers characterize the general business condition. General powers identify with the general public and the country’

How to Have Fun This Summer on a Budget

How to Have Fun This Summer on a Budget How to Have Fun This Summer on a Budget How to Have Fun This Summer on a BudgetVacations are great for your mental and physical health, but not so much for your bank account. So check out these cheap entertainment alternatives instead!Summer is a time to enjoy the nice weather and take some time for yourself to unwind and relax. For some, that means annual summer sojourns to distant countries or all-inclusive cruises to tropical islands. But for those of us on a budget or working to save for things like weddings or emergency fundsâ€"or working to pay down debt from  no credit check loans or bad credit loansâ€"a destination vacation is just not in the cards.While that doesn’t mean you can’t have fun this summer. Plus, taking some time to enjoy your summer is important because vacations from work have been shown to improve our mental and physical health. The average American takes only eight days off a year, even when their employers offer more paid time off than that. According to an NPR poll, less than half of American workers with paid time off have used the majority of their days!We’re here to encourage you to take a few days this summer to take a thrifty (often free!) staycation, one of the best ways to enjoy yourself and still save money. You don’t have to travel far to discover the best of what your area has to offer. And don’t worry. We realize that many people don’t get paid time offâ€"according to that NPR poll, this disproportionally affects low-wage workers, only 53 percent of whom report received paid time off.That’s why many of these suggestions can be enjoyed on the weekends or whatever day of the week you’re off the clock!1. Enjoy your community’s free entertainment.Whether you live in a big city or a small town, most communities have free summer programming. We are lucky that our headquarters is in Chicago, where there are free neighborhood festivals almost every weekend as well as free city-wide programming like Chicago Shakespeare in the Parks, Movies in the Park, t he Millenium Park Summer Music Seriesâ€"not to mention the big summer festivals like the Chicago Blues Festival, Printers Row Lit Fest, and the Taste of Chicago.But you need not live in or near a big city to get your festival onâ€"you may not even realize how many events your town puts on. This writer, for one, was surprised to learn that in addition to the car cruises and corn festivals she attended as a youth, her small hometown now offers a craft beer fest, movies in the park, farmers markets, and outdoor concerts featuring local talent all summer long.And don’t forget state and county fairs! And if you happen to live near a fairgrounds, it’s likely that they also host free or inexpensive programmingâ€"circuses, antiques and flea markets, dog and cat shows, motocross, demolition derbies, charitable marathons, and more! Choose something you’d never think to do. This can be the summer of new experiences. All you need is a sense of humor.If there is an expensive festival or co ncert that you’d love to attend in your area but cannot afford to, look into volunteering. These types of events often offer discounted tickets or free admission for volunteers, as long as they put in the hours.2. Learn about the history of your area.While we’re on the subject of your community, you can also take some time to get to know its history a little better. Local historical societies and neighborhood associations often host walking tours (or have self-guided tours on their websites) of their areas.Pick a nice day, and take a stroll through the town (or one nearby) you thought you had a pretty good fix on. Chances are, you’ll learn something you never knew before. These same organizations often have free- or low-admissions museums, zoos, and tours of historic buildingsâ€"a lovely way to spend an afternoon.Don’t forget to check out the offerings at your local parks. County and state parks often have their own list of free or inexpensive summer programming, whether its a festival or a historical re-enactment. This writer, for example, is planning to attend an authentic vintage baseball game (original 1858 rules) hosted by a nearby county park this summer.3. Attend a sporting event.Speaking of sports, watching a game can be a fun and thrifty way to spend a summer afternoon or evening, even if you don’t really like or pay attention to sports (she did not say from experience). Get your friends or family together and make a day of it! It might not be as expensive as you think.Let’s take baseball, America’s favorite pastime, for example. Many areas have minor league or farm teams, which you can watch for a fraction of the price of your local professional team. These places frequently have promotional nights with cheaper tickets and/or concessions, so plan your trip ahead.If you happen to live in an area where the sports team isâ€"umâ€"less than popular, you may be able to snag seats for a steal. At White Sox games, for instance, tickets start at around seven bucks. Seven bucks! Don’t let anyone tell you that you can’t have fun in the nosebleeds.Plus, if your local stadium is like the White Sox’s, they’ll let you tailgate AND bring in food and water, as long as you follow their guidelines. Sometimes, it pays to support the underdog.4. Give nature a chance.You know those state and county parks we mentioned earlier? You can enjoy them even if you don’t attend their programming. Many have nature centers to learn about the environment, but you can also hike, ride a bike, rent a kayak, fish, camp, pack a picnic, and more. The forest, streams, and lakes are nature’s television. Binge on that this summer!Take a day trip to explore your area’s unique environment, whether it’s a beach, the forest, giant sand dunes, the desert, the prairie, or the swamp. Learn about the plants and animals that live there and go on a scavenger hunt of sorts. While you are in nature, consider looking upward: Plan to view a sunrise, suns et, the starry night sky, or a meteor shower.As an added bonus, spending time in nature is proven to have health benefitsâ€"such as lowering blood pressure, improving mental health, decreasing cancer risk, and more.Remember, if a multiday destination vacation is not in the budget for you this summer, there are still plenty of fun, thrifty, and free things to do right where you live. Don’t forget the sunscreen!To learn more about saving money on everyday expenses, check out  these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Save Money This Summer by Saving EnergySave a Few Bucks on Fido with These DIY Pet ToysReusable Purchases That Will Save You Money in the Long RunHow to Use the Library to Save MoneyDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Accounting Cycle Paper - 924 Words

WAlmart | Accounting Cycle Paper | Accounting Cycle of Walmart | | Melanie Bartholomew | September 2, 2012 | When a company, like Walmart, begins to prepare financial statements and reports at the end of an accounting cycle they generally use Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and â€Å"the collective process of recording and processing the accounting events† (Definition of ‘Accounting Cycle’, 2012), known as the accounting cycle. There are nine steps involved in the accounting cycle. Walmart would begin the process by collecting and analyzing data from their events and transactions. Next, the company puts those transactions into a general journal. After journalizing their transactions the company posts these entries to the†¦show more content†¦If an item is an element, measurable, relevant, and reliable it should be included in the financial statements. The company should record as many events as possible that affect its financial position. The more information provided in financial statements the more confident readers of the financial statements will b e about the financial decisions they make regarding the company. In its financial report, Walmart provides an unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. This financial statement provides financial information measuring the results of operations dating back three and six months prior to the statement date for the current and previous year. The statements of income begins with revenues; which includes the net sales, membership and other income, total revenue, cost of sales, and operating, selling, general, and administrative expenses. Following the revenues account is the operating income account and the interest account. The interest account includes debt, capital leases, and interest income, giving net interest. Income from operations before income taxes and provisions for income taxes are the next accounts listed, respectively. The income from continuing operations and loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, follow. These accounts are followed by consolidated net income and consolidated net income attributable to noncontrolling interest, which give the amounts in the nextShow MoreRelatedAccounting Cycle Paper690 Words   |  3 PagesAccounting Cycle Paper Acc 421 Date Accounting Cycle Paper Accounting is a financial information system designed to record, classify, report, and interpret financial data. The accrual concepts states that accounting income is measured by matching the expenses incurred in a given accounting period with the revenues earned in that period. The accounting cycle is 6 steps. The accounting cycle is a logical series of steps that accountants follow to keep necessary accounting recordsRead MoreRiordan Manufacturing – Accounting Cycle Description Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesRiordan Manufacturing – Accounting Cycle Description Introduction Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is an industry leader in the field of plastic injection molding. Using cutting edge art design capabilities, this Fortune 1000 Enterprise Company maintains facilities in San Jose, California, Albany, Georgia, Pontiac, Michigan and Hangzhou, China, and has annual earnings of $46 million. A company does not attain and maintain this type of success by accident. Part of Riordan’s success is due to itsRead MoreManual vs Computerized Accounting1225 Words   |  5 PagesManual versus Computerized Accounting Ever since Lucas Pacioli wrote about and spread the knowledge of double entry accounting in his â€Å"Summa di Arithemetica† in 1494, modern manual accounting was born (Hendrickson, 2007), though manual accounting has existed in many forms since ancient times. In contrast, computerized accounting systems are a more modern invention, as the first computer was invented between 1943 and 1946 (â€Å"Great Events in Accounting amp; Business History†, (n.d.)) and ArthurRead MoreThe Accounting Cycle1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe Accounting Cycle Presented to Ms. Aisha Meeks Department of Business Management College of Business Administration Alabama State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course ACT.214.04 By Krystal Hall January 26, 2013 Memo: To: Ms. Aisha Meeks From: Krystal Hall Date: 2/26/2013 Re: The Accounting Cycle Every company has an accounting cycle. An Accounting cycle is the process that begins with analyzing and journalizing transactions and it ends withRead MoreThe Steps to the Accounting Cycle1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe accounting cycle refers to the process by which companies produce their financial statements for a specific period of time. It is called a cycle because the steps are repeated each reporting period. The organization at which I am employed completes its accounting cycle monthly. The organization is a privately owned nursing facility licensed and incorporated in the state of Virginia that has been in business since 1966. An explanation of the overall accounting cycle at the organization includingRead MoreComputerized vs. Manual Accounting1630 Words   |  7 PagesPrepared For : Mr. Nelson Title: | Computerized Accounting should completely replaces Manual AccountingPrepared By : Ali H. Al-MuslimID#: 200628620Section# : 05SN#: 02Group#:01Word Count:1,333 | 10/7/2012 10/7/2012 Table of Contents Table of Contents II Introduction 3 I. Manual Accounting 4 A. Benefits 4 1. Cost effective 4 2. Availability 4 B. Limitations 4 1. Finding Errors 4 2. Time Factor 5 II. Computerized Accounting 5 A. Benefits 5 1. Speed 5 2. SavingRead MoreWhat I Learned At Ais 2016. Before Starting The Accounting Information System Class Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesWhat I Learned in AIS 2016 Before starting the Accounting Information Systems class, I had little idea of what accounting information was. After having Professor Carothers for previous accounting classes, I knew it would be a tough class but the knowledge I would gain would be well worth it and everlasting. Throughout this semester, I have learned a great deal of information, because of this it is hard to talk about everything. I decided instead of talking about everything I learned I would chooseRead MoreThe Full Accounting Cycle And Present A Quick Synopsis Of All Of The Steps1049 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper is to discuss the full accounting cycle and present a quick synopsis of all of the steps along with a brief description on how it can impact a business’s success. The role of each step and why each step is critical in this process will also be explained. The omission of a step, no matter how small, could negatively impact the financial security of a business. The four basic financial stateme nts and why they are important will be the final segment in discussing the full accounting cycleRead MoreEssay A General Overview of Peachtree Complete Accounting730 Words   |  3 Pagesoverview of Peachtree Complete Accounting. Make sure the overview provides the reader with a general understanding of the application, including the projected purchase price and any special hardware and/or software requirements. Section II: Transactional Processing and Data Management (minimum 6 pages) Describe how Peachtree Complete Accounting handles processing the accounting transactions and recording business activities for the revenue, expenditure and financing cycles. You should provide at leastRead MoreAccounting Is The Process Of Identifying, Recording And Communicating Information807 Words   |  4 PagesAccounting is the process of identifying, recording and communicating information to interested users. Financial Statements, such as the balance sheets, income statements, etc. must follow GAAP or United Stated GAAP. GAAP or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is a set of principles that gives accountants guidance when performing the accounting cycle. The accounting cycle is a lengthy process. The eight steps in the accounting cycle are as follows: identify the transactions, journalize the transactions

What Is The Most Dangerous Ignorance Or Fear - 1778 Words

What is the most dangerous—ignorance or fear? While ignorance may be bliss to the individual it does not go without a cost and many times can fall on the shoulders of others. Fear on the other hand takes over one s logos which inhibits rash decision making and can lead to fall out for many years to come. In the mid-1800s, narrow-minded selfishness, misplaced religious ideology, and gross neglect of fellow mankind resulted from America s Western Expansion or also known as Manifest Destiny. However, the consequences of the expansion did not stop there. The blurred lines of entitlement and ethics were unfortunately crossed again, but this time the driving force was fear. In 1919, the start of the Red scare after the Great War and the Bolshevik revolution ignited hysteria with the fear of a communist takeover. Although the initial fear faded after World War II, another version the red scare emerged through McCarthyism. Both Red Scares were self destructive and instead of helping democracy and freedom thrive, they created an atmosphere of restricted speech, international elitism, and geopolitical involvements that overreached America s self-proclaimed jurisdiction. On the surface it is difficult to see the link between Manifest Destiny and both Red Scares, but the parallels exist through American s justified imperialism, elitist ideologies, and enthusiastic actions that eventually sowed the seeds of war. The first similarity between Manifest Destiny and the RedShow MoreRelatedThe Witch Hunts Of The 17th And 17th Centuries1364 Words   |  6 Pagesalso came to an end. As of now, this end in mass witch-hunts can often be symbolized by the story of Anna Gà ¶ldi, who not only signifies the change in how people thought, but also signifies the occurrence of excessive accusations in times of fear and ignorance. In order to fully understand how just one particular case out of a thousand could be so important, it is first necessary to fully understand the premise of the case. Anna Gà ¶ldi was a woman in her mid 40s who worked as a servant in the tinyRead MoreThe Roots Of Modern Day Discrimination1049 Words   |  5 Pagesvictorious. The ubiquitous fear of losing in this battle ties a cycle together as humans are always moving, conquering, and immigrating to places of better opportunity. The roots of modern day discrimination can be traced back to the earliest slaves, prizes of the many wars between the earliest tribal groups. As humans spread out throughout Africa and Asia, the culture, size, and power of the tribes diversified. Those that grew quickly were able to take over those that did not. In most of these cases, theRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Ignorance980 Words   |  4 Pages Ignorance is the underlying problem associated with humanity’s most heinous crimes. Ignorance It’s another word for racism. It’s the way so many people view the world, where instead of looking at the beauty of diversity and uniqueness, they close their eyes succumbing to an unfounded fear the presides within them. A fear of the truth. A fear they are wrong. Being ignorant is term loosely used to describe the less fortunate who possess a lack of knowledge or information. But what if ignorance isRead MoreRay Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesIn Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury uses the life of Guy Montag, a fireman in a near future dystopia, to make an argument against mindless conformity and blissful ignorance. In Bradbury’s world, the firemen that Montag is a part of create fires to burn books instead of putting out fires. By burning books, the firemen eliminate anything that might be controversial and make people think, thus creating a conforming population that never live a full life. Montag is part of this population forRead MoreThematic Analysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511204 Words   |  5 Pagesknowledge and the resulting problems an informed and thinking society would bring upon itself. Ignorance is bliss. The theme, fear of knowledge, can be seen throughout this book in the ways the characters Faber, Beatty, and Clarisse speak about, react to, and think about books. The character, Beatty, has the most to say about books, being a fire chief and a â€Å"custodian of peace of mind.† He says books are dangerous because they make people sad and uneasy, and that the only prevention of such feelings isRead MoreThe Mass Genocide Of The Republic Of Oceania Propaganda, Mythologies, Fear, Rumors And Misinformation Control1055 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Republic of Oceania, propaganda, mythologies, fear, rumors and misinformation control the minds of its citizens. The Inner Party maintains power through pervasive observation and total control of information, food, law enforcement, and economics, creating instability and disorganization in the masses. No one in the Outer Party can know for sure who is friend or enemy and this is the genius of their tactics. It can both control using an omnipresent figurehead, Big Brother, without actuallyRead MoreFear in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesFear in To Kill a Mocking bird by Harper Lee Fear is an important force in the novel because it is the cause of most peoples action. The main theme in the book is a result of fear such as the Tom Robinson case and Boo Radley. Ignorance breeds fear which in turn breeds prejudice. Fear is infectious, and each character in the book is affected by other peoples fear. Hence, the people in Southern town are always afraid. Lee is able to explore fear in the novel most effectivelyRead More How Progress Makes Us Sick Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pageswere only two news stories worth reporting: the growing body counts created by SARS and the Iraq war. However the attention that has been focused on SARS has startled people rather than educated them about the disease. Lack of information leads to fear. According to J. Michael Bishop in Enemies of Promise: We live in an age of scientific triumph. Science has solved many of natures puzzles and greatly enlarged human knowledge. And the fruits of scientific inquiry have vastly improved human welfareRead MoreSilent Spring Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesviolence towards blackbirds, misguidance in the use of dangerous pesticides, and lack of emotion for bloodshed. Aiming to weaken the pesticide users reputation, Carson introduces her main argument by referring to the habit of killing as, the resort to eradicating any creature that may annoy or inconvenience(para graph1). The word eradication is the word used by farmers to justify the use of pesticides. The farmers find it necessary to use dangerous chemicals for the sole purpose to wipe out a speciesRead More Beliefs Taken to the Extremes Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesBeliefs Taken to the Extremes      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Belief is a fundamental human trait. Belief in many things is what helps humans continue living their lives. Religious beliefs are one of the strongest forces of human emotion and often times those emotions can create dangerous situations. When peoples religious beliefs are taken to extreme levels innocent people can be hurt. All throughout history there have been examples of just such incidents occurring. From the Inquisition, to suicide bombers

Sheena Pugh’s ‘The craft I left in was called Esau’ Poetry Analysis Free Essays

We have been studying 3 of Sheena Pugh’s poems which all relate to earth and mankind . In poem one titled ‘the craft I left in was called Esau’ , it shows the weary travellers that had to leave earth for one reason or another in a timid and nervous mood , simply searching for a new place to live. The poem makes the reader feel tense almost waiting for something to happen. We will write a custom essay sample on Sheena Pugh’s ‘The craft I left in was called Esau’ Poetry Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The fact they had to leave portrays a sense of imminent danger , the fact they scratched the word Esau on the door makes it seem like it was done in haste as if to say they could have been wiped out at any moment. The name Esau on the door relates to the bible story when Esau sells his heritage to his brother Jacob for a bowl of pottage which is to say that we’ve abused the earth. The second poem we read was called ‘Do you think we’ll ever get to see earth sir? ‘ and it shows our characters taking trips to see earth like sightseers . Our teacher Christie stating the ideas concepts pointlessness as there is hardly anything to see. The third poem was called ‘Geography 1’ and is about an island called Surtsey which was actually a volcano. This means that in the order of poems it shows the ‘end of the earth’ , ‘returning to earth’ , and ‘a new bit of earth’. In poem 1 the craft is called Esau because it insinuates that mankind threw away it’s inheritance. They say in the text the name Esau was scratched on the door which portrays a sense of immediate danger or emergency which forced them to leave. ‘Incongruous’ is used in the text and means something does not fit the pattern and so while the travellers are ‘joking nervously’ it doesn’t feel quite right somehow. We know the travellers are on their first journey of this kind because they were joking nervously as if they were just trying to ignore the fact they were travelling into the unknown. I don’t think they are coming back because the reason they are nervous is that they know that if everything goes wrong then they don’t have a safe-house to return to. The poet uses the word ‘still’ twice in succession to emphasise it (the stillness) , a new ocean portrays a new task or challenge waiting to be mapped out. They say â€Å"it seemed natural to look for a horizon† because the word ‘natural’ because it suggests that they’re going purely on instinct while if it were normal then it would be a tried and tested method of tracking position. The ‘charted coastlines’ mentioned in the poem suggest an unstarted map , a blindly followed path in search for a new home. â€Å"Our late guesthouse† suggests it’s not the last part of the story , it isn’t the end as if there’s more to come or they are part of a much deeper plot. This poem has no poem but has simple language however the reader is compelled to continue reading just in case they miss something important that’s about to happen. The second poem we have studied that is written by Sheena Pugh is called ‘Do you think we’ll ever get to see earth sir? ‘. It is about a cynical earth survivor getting quite emotive about the concept of savouring lost memories or in this case , earth. The poem is written as a brief lecture to a student , which almost instructs the student about what to do if he sees even the smallest image of the past. The writer makes us think about the future by making us think about how we will be remembered by our descendants. While reading you can’t help but think about what fate could lead to the evacuation of earth , the thing that hangs in my mind is the concept of a nuclear war , the reason this ties in with the poem is that we hear the teacher say â€Å"they’re still toxic† †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ nuclear war could potentially do this. This poem has a person telling it with a very sharp , sarcastic tone in their voice , this gives the impression that this person just wants the chance to forget. This poem makes me feel insecure because the best thing about earth is the sense of security you get when say†¦ at home in your room because in a way nothing can touch you there. The other thing about this poem is that it has no verses as if all the points that are made are inter-twined and need not be separated. The word ‘look’ is used very often as if to say be a part of it not just stare and gaze upon it. She says things like â€Å"see it with your skin† etc which I think means that you should see it with all your senses and not just sight. If I had to pick one , my favourite word would be ‘damascening’ because it sounds like a very rigorous describing word. The third poem we have studied is called ‘Geography 1’ and the person in the poem is describing the birth of a new part of earth , the island of Surtsey. Surtsey was a small island that was formed by a volcanic eruption , Surtsey was said to be important because it was like seeing the earth being born again. I think Surtsey was used as a lesson to the pupils because it shows a fresh start which can lead on to better times. Throughout the poem I believe Sheena is trying to say that novelties do eventually turn old and unimportant. The mood of this poem is of a non-caring , ignorant – to – the past mood for example when he says â€Å"fancy that , but I hadn’t time to look properly†. Throughout the poem Pugh makes us feel gripped and embraced until the ironic ending. The language does encourage this mood with powerful describing phrases ie â€Å"flood of colours†. I think this poem is written in verses to separate the different points the poet is trying to convey , for example in the 4th paragraph they show the novelty of Surtsey by saying â€Å"Surtsey was important† but the 5th paragraph contradicts this by saying that it was forgotten, â€Å"even the birds nested in a few years†. Christie is supposed to be teaching a Geography lesson in the poem. I quite like the phrase â€Å"with angry energy , it wanted to shout† because while reading it you do get a rush of energy. I do not like the phrase â€Å"Surtsey was important because it was like seeing the earth being born again† because I feel this point is obvious and has already been made. I do like the poem however because it has powerful phrases and has a point (volcanic eruption), which can be easily pictured because unlike the other two poems it is a concept that man can currently experience. I definitely prefer this poem as it has good describing phrases and high octane adjectives. The first poem made me feel quite tense because you had to imagine being on a ship seeing your life fade into the distance , poem two made me feel quite cynical as the fact it’s a personal poem makes it easier to fal into the very plot of the character Christie and so you do see the point he is making. The third poem ‘Geography 1’gave you a feeling of having too much energy followed by too little because it’s a transition from â€Å"that flood of colours† to â€Å"just an offshore island†. I did prefer the third poem because as I said before it has a conceivable concept. These three poems do show ‘the end of earth’, ‘returning to earth’, ‘and a new bit of earth’, this shows devolution but in a way evolution because a new bit of earth implies a new, fresh start. How to cite Sheena Pugh’s ‘The craft I left in was called Esau’ Poetry Analysis, Papers

Accounting Theory Market Response

Question: Describe about the Accounting Theory for Market Response. Answer: Introduction Oil spills are very known to be very common these days and in relation to UK, the biggest known oil spill was the BP oil spill that was also called as Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In the Gulf of Mexico, there was an explosion of the Deepwater Horizon that severely injured and destroyed the lives of many people. Due to the explosion, flames of the fire were on for over one and a half days continuously leading to destruction by damaging the environment, disturbing the businesses and impacting the activities of fishing and tourism. Companies that were associated with the spill had to counter various problems as they were bound to clear the spill and compensate for the huge losses caused by the spill. Furthermore, this led to a creation of financial problems for the companies (Broader Krauss, 2011). To counter these difficulties, an attorney group was formed so that the relief proceedings could be carried out. BP had to face several lawsuits as the impact of spill was massive as it spre ad for over 480 miles affecting many states. Authorities felt a need for strict and regulative procedure in order to mitigate such kinds of risks in future. Thus, EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment), and other protection controls are considered very relevant when it comes to the safety of environment (Booz, 2010). The best strategy is systematic disclosure by companies by considering the environmental, financial and social factors. Research As BP was the main operator in relation to the oil spill, it was implied that BP would be the only one to be burdened with several liabilities and exactly the same happened. Hence, the failure on the part of regulatory authorities will be taken into consideration together with an assessment of the stand of BP. Furthermore, an evaluation of the environment can also help to ascertain the effect of oil spill upon the environment itself and other stakeholders. With the support of this study, the financial impact on BP can also be obtained. This research mainly focuses upon the failure of regulatory authorities and stand of the public interest theory. It is a major discussion of this research because of the prevalence of various flaws in the regulatory system. Simply saying, these weaknesses in the governance system and ethics have also proved to be a key contributor of oil spill. The report also highlights the failures by the regulatory agencies that led to the negative impact on environment. It also focuses upon the fact that if there were various rules and regulations framed by the government then such a tragic disaster would have been avoided (Channel News Asia, 2013). Financial consequences Response of BP Due to the massive and diversified impact of oil spill, BP was influenced to restore the Gulf of Mexico areas affected by the spill. It also decided to take various measures in order to re-establish the economy as well as the environment. In relation to this, BP took steps to expend millions of money in order to ensure the stabilization process that included settlement, compensation, clean up etc. It can be observed from the sustainability review of 2010 that around $37.3 billion was being kept aside for the re-establishment procedure. As discussed earlier about the massive and diversified impact of oil spill, different activities tend to rose that required huge expenditure and BP had to expend most of its money for all such activities in order to re-enhance its goodwill and remove the impact of spill as much as possible (Mason, 2010). It also had to frame an Oil Spill Trust in relation to these matters and altogether it costed a heavy expenditure of $20 billion. The entire image of BP was at stake because of the incident and this drove it to spend huge money on mitigating the aftermath of spill. It even spent a huge amount of $1.25 billion per quarter until 2013. Corporate Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR is the voluntary activities undertaken by the companies in order to operate in an environmental, social and economic manner. Furthermore, it helps in compliance with the legal and ethical standards. This regulation is not compulsory in nature by many oil corporations such as the Indian Oil, Marathon and Chevron have adopted this into their system. In the present situation, it is the government and the legal systems duty to frame policies and procedures in order to avoid such disasters and it should ensure the compensation of affected parties (Cherry Sneirson, 2010). Cleaning Cleaning the spill was the key duty of BP as the effects were widespread. Hence, BP took various measures in order to clean the spill and for this purpose, it organized it arranged a fleet of vessels and other tools that could collect the spill floating in water. There were around 5000 vessels organized for this purpose with more than 90000 people engaged for cleaning. This removal process costed more than $14 million to BP and led to a collection of around 827,045 vessels containing the oil (Broder, 2012). Environment In order to bring more efficiency to control the aftermath of oil spill, BP associated itself with several federal agencies that supported in assessing the impact of the disaster on the environment. Furthermore, these agencies helped to ascertain a Natural Resource Damage Report that portrayed the exact picture of damage together with measures required to compensate the damage. BP spent a lump sum amount of more than $600 million for the evaluation process. This NRD assessment proved to be the biggest of all, even from the assessment taken under the Oil Pollution Act (Broder, 2012). In relation to the aquatic and sea animals, BP took several measures to re-establish the past heritage. For this purpose, it carried out thousands of surveys for the birds and attempts was made for rescuing and protecting the sea animals by the introduction of rehabilitation centers. BP had to incur millions of expenditure towards the protection of wildlife foundation by conducting surveys in the entire Gulf region (BP Gulf Update, 2012). Regulators BP was alone not at fault, the failure of government bodies were also to be blamed because competing interest was not focused upon by them that led to the violation of environment rules to a huge extent. The theory of public interest helps to highlight the functions and institutions that are relevant in the protection of economic efficiency. It is the responsibility of federal agencies to prepare themselves for any kinds of uncertainties arising in future and take corrective actions in order to get rid of them. It must also be determined when to delegate a decision to these independent regulatory agencies (CBS Chicago, 2013). Hence, the regulatory agencies failed to work inefficiently on their part because they mainly concentrated on the practical situations and thus it led to the loss of environmental benefits and other damages too. Thus, it was evident that the legal system and regulatory bodies functioned inefficiently and due to the prevalence of several flaws in the system; such a disaster affected millions of people and diversities. According to the surveys, it was clear that the presence of strong and effective government policies and procedures could have proved to be a very strong advantage over such disasters. This clearly indicated a misbalance in the theory of public interest and concepts of good corporate governance and ethics. According to the theory of public interest, if the markets were to perform on its own, then it would act indifferently (Fodor Stowe, 2010). It was also evident that the federal agencies lacked various resources and tools in order to protect and safeguard the environment especially in relation to drilling and deepwater. This proves from the statement of the Department of Interior Official that even the resources for enforcement was lacked by the agencies as there were only 40 officials looking after the Mexico region according to the official. OCSLA failed because of the outdated regulations relating to the protection of environment. Motivation of Politicians as regulators It must be noted that politicians must act as regulators in order to protect the environment as they can bring sheer strength in the operations of the company. Regulatory policies and procedures can be easily framed by the politicians thus creating a well-being for public interest. They can prove to be an effective and strong regulator as they can act for the benefit of the economy and community as a whole if they are allowed various incentive schemes (Upton, 2011). Action needed Due to this massive disaster, there were ways created for various innovative plans and procedures. The oil spill incident led to the destruction of various wildlife communities, businesses and the environment as a whole. This also gave rise to an urgent requirement of good corporate governance in companies as BP took precautions and steps only when the spill occurred and investigation was carried out. In the current scenario, punishing the companies by imposing various fines or penalties cannot be considered adequate because the main requirement is strengthening the regulatory policies by initiating new rules and regulations of healthy ethical standards so that the protection can be done on a whole. The functions and role of agency must also be made clear so that it remains strong even in worse situations (BP Plc, 2014). Even the monitoring and enforcement must be provided due importance so that the activities of production are done after approval. It is also required that proper disclosures must be made in the annual report by companies so that they can be well-known about the conditions prevailing and can arrange certain precautions prior to the incidence of any disaster. In order to have a proper and effective estimate, disclosures relating to revenues, expenses etc must be properly made. Recommendation The main motive of BP was the maximization of profits and little did it concentrate on the environmental concerns. This indicates that the government must frame strict rules for oil companies so that such a disaster can be prevented in future. Not only the government, but the companies themselves must act ethically for the environmental protection by submitting hazard programs in order to ascertain any occurring of contingent events. This can in turn ensure safety and insured from danger. The agencies must also evaluate the rules and regulations on a regular basis so that environmental concerns can be given due importance (Jacobson, 2013). Advisory Boards can also be introduced that can independently function irrespective of agencies or any company. Conclusion From the above discussion it is clear that the organizations of larger stature always contain a legal team that helps in backing up the mishap and stem the financial loss. It has been noticed that the Oil Spill has immense effect on BP, as well as its associates. To make provision for the loss, around $30 billion was sold by BP. The huge expenses clearly reflect that immense problem were faced by it and hence, the stock prices received a massive blow. Hence, corporate social responsibility must be provided immense focus and hence, safety measures are the need of the hour. This helps to avert any adverse circumstances. It is a common parlance that the companies mainly focus on the concept of creation of wealth and compromise with the social responsibility. The Oil Spill of BP is a glaring example. To avert a situation like that it is strong advised to have major provisions and committee that will stress on the concern. Hence, it can be said that there is a strong urge to have strong p ractices and reporting that enables the company to prosper and enhance the environmental performance. References Booz, A.H 2010, The Offshore Oil and Gas Industry Market Response - Part One, Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. BP Gulf Update 2012, BP Protecting Wildlife, viewed 25 May 2016, https://www.bpgulfupdate.com/external/content/document/4699/1469631/1/WILDLIFE_Fact_Sheet_FINAL_2-23-12.PDF. Broder, J. M 2012, Ruling Favours Owner of Rig in Gulf Spill, The New York Times, viewed 25 May 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/business/energy-environment/transocean-not-liable-for-some-gulf-spill-claims-judge-rules.html. Broder, J. M., Krauss, C 2011, Regulation of Offshore Rigs Is a Work in Progress, The New York Times, viewed 25 May 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/us/politics/17regulate.html?pagewanted=all_r=0 BP Plc 2014, Annual report and accounts 2014, viewed 25 May 2016, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bpcountry/de_de/PDFs/brochures/BP_Annual_Report_and_Form_20F_2014.pdf CBS Chicago 2013, BP Settles Class-Action Lawsuit Over Tainted Gasoline, CBS Chicago, viewed 25 May 2016, https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2013/08/21/bp-settles-class-action-lawsuit-over-tainted-gasoline/ Channel News Asia 2013, BP says oil spill compensation fund running out, viewed 25 May 2016, https://www.channelnewsasia.com. Cherry, M.A., Sneirson, J.F 2010, Beyond Profit: Rethinking Corporate Social Responsibility and Green washing after the BP Oil Disaster, Tulane Law Review, vol. 85, no.4, pp. 983-1038 Fodor, A., Stowe, J.D 2010, The BP Oil Disaster: Stock and Option Market Reactions, Working Paper, Ohio University. Jacobson, M 2013, By the Numbers: The Oil Spill and BP's Legal Troubles, PBS News Hour, viewed 25 May 2016, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/07/gulf-oil-spill-by-the-numbers.html. Mason, J.R 2010, The Economic Cost of a Moratorium on Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration to the Gulf Region, Working Paper :Louisiana State University. Upton, H.F 2011, The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and the Gulf of Mexico Fishing Industry, A look at Europes Financial Crisis, viewed 25 May 2016, https://hosted.ap.org/specials/interactives/_business/greece_imf/content.swf.

Pablo Picasso, Jackson Pollock The Revolutionary Modern Artists

The eNotes Blog Hey, You ForgotOh, Nevermind Top Ten Books Most Often Left in HotelRooms

Hey, You ForgotOh, Nevermind Top Ten Books Most Often Left in HotelRooms The most common things left behind in hotel rooms are chargers, intimate items, and books.   Every year, Travelodge releases a list of those unfortunate tomes, and here is this years top ten, and for your snarky pleasure, comments from Amazon readers. Topping the list, to the surprise of literally no one who has ever seen the internet, we have the third in the inexplicably best-selling Fifty Shades series.   (So many unanswered questions from the first two, I know. ). 1.   Fifty Shades of Freed  by E.L. James   Review:   Be under no illusions Dear Readers, this book is terribly written. It makes Twilight look like Anna Karenina and that is saying a lot since it started as Twilight fan-fiction (if that isnt enough to put you off then you cannot be saved, good luck to you). Ive read stories by 5th Graders with more character development and narrative drive than this. 2.   Bared to You  by Sylvia Day   Review:   Bare to You is as close to Fifty Shades of Grey as a book can get and not be called Fifty Shades of Grey. 3.   The Marriage Bargain  by Jennifer Probst Review:   Poorly written dialogue sex scenery* make this book very boring. (*Sex scenery? What is that, exactly?) 4.   Gone Girl  by Gillian Flynn Review:   In the authors acknowledgements she writes that she got stuck when the book was 82% completed, and her editor had to help her finish it. She should have just stopped at 82%. I wish there was a way to demand my money back after feeling totally manipulated and ripped off. 5.   The Casual Vacancy  by J.K. Rowling Review:   Ã‚  I thought that a writer of her prodigious talent would probably be able to pull off a non-Potter adult novel with ease.   I was so wrong. Dear God, was I wrong.   6,   Fifty Shades of Grey  by E.L. James (Stay in enough hotel rooms, you could get the whole set gratis! Why you would want them, however.) Review:   The repetitionand the repetitionand the repetition. Im convinced the author has a computer macro that she hits to insert one of her limited repertoire of facial expressions whenever she needs one. According to my Kindle search function, characters roll their eyes 41 times, Ana bites her lip 35 times, Christians lips quirk up 16 times, Christian cocks his head to one side 17 times, characters purse their lips 15 times, and characters raise their eyebrows a whopping 50 times. Add to that 80 references to Anas anthropomorphic subconscious (which also rolls its eyes and purses its lips, by the way), 58 references to Anas inner goddess, and 92 repetitions of Ana saying some form of oh crap (which, depending on the severity of the circumstances, can be intensified to holy crap, double crap, or the ultimate triple crap). And this is only part one of a trilogy If I wrote like that, Id use a pseudonym too. 7.   Reflected in You  by Sylvia Day (Where have we seen this name before? Oh, yes at the #2 Spot.   Apparently A Crossfire Novel is where words go to die.) Review:   Whats better than a multimillionaire whose obsessive stalking borders on the insane One who sidelines as a murderer! Thats right ladies!! Nothing says romance like a man who not only tries to kill you in his sleep, but will selflessly kill others in your defense 8.   My Time  by Bradley Wiggins (If you dont picture this when I say Mr. Wiggins. Get off my lawn) Anyway, apparently Mr. Wiggins fans arent much for assembling words either.   Although this book was abandoned nearly as frequently as the others, it has a total of five review on Amazon. ANNND rounding out the top ten? Well, what a total surprise, Ms. James and Ms. Day.. AGAIN! 9.   Entwined with You  by Sylvia Day   10.   Fifty Shades of Darker  by E.L. James

President Obama's Innauguration Address Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

President Obama's Innauguration Address - Essay Example He in fact stipulates that they must â€Å"collectively seize this time together†. 3. In this context, the value that the president suggests here is rational utterances. He is obviously against careless utterances such as in name calling. He sees this sort of utterance as absurd and contrary to what the nation need to grow. Nevertheless, he is not against the freedom of speech that every American is entitled to, but he simply wants people to avoid recklessness. 4. The president appears to stay ahead political aspect in this speech. This is predominantly due to the reality that his speech is all about the principles that the American should live with for every day and not just the four years he is supposed to be in office. For instance, he is against name calling and absolutism. 5. The president here indicates that he has been assigned some responsibilities by God and the country. As such, the strategy he involved here is that of convincing the other citizens that they also have a duty to fulfill just like the president. Los Angeles Times. Inauguration 2013: President Obama’s second inauguration speech. 2013. Web

Managed care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managed care - Essay Example The graphical representation below illustrates that in the year 2013, employer-sponsored health insurance has been registered at less than 1% of employees in traditional fee-for-service plans. In the recent years, high-deductible health plans have gained popularity wherein the share of managed care registration has declined proportionately. Additionally, it has been noted that traditional health insurance has been in the stage of extinction today. It has been also identified that High Deductible Health Plans paired with a saving option (HDHP/SO) has been included in the survey of health plans registration from the year 2008 (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014). The health care service, i.e. managed care, has its origin in the United States, but the tools of managed care have spread on a global context. Identifiably, in most of the European countries, general practitioners are entitled with the task of regulating access of the specialists and have responsibilities over a per capita annual budget (Deom et al., 2010). In the United States, managed care has evolved as necessary principally because employers are facilitated with the opportunity of strengthening the health insurance premiums, as compared to the struggles faced by the employers in terms of unaffordable excesses due to the uncontrolled delivery of services. In the insurance system that has existed before the managed care, insurance companies are recognized to overlook the need for any incentive for managing different aspects that included service delivery and payments related to the same. In this respect, due to the lack of controls in factors such as over delivery and payment, it has been identified that the employers had to face the issue relating to costs. Subsequently, a system is needed to be developed with the aim of controlling excessive costs by integrating delivery as well as payment with functions

Business Environment For Toyota Motor Corporation

Business Environment For Toyota Motor Corporation Business environment is about exploring the nature of the business in which it is being carried out. In this essay, analysis is being made for an automobile company known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyota Motor Corporation is commonly known as TOYOTA and is abbreviated as TMC. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a derivative from his fathers company Toyota industries to create automobiles. First passenger car was Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation group companies are Toyota (including the Scion brand), Lexus, Daihatsu and Hino Motors, along with several non-automotive companies. Toyota Motor Corporation uses two tools for its business environment which is PEST and SWOT. Every business has an internal and an external environment. Before debating on external forces, internal forces/environment should be made clear. Internal environment is the one which is owned and controlled by the organisation itself. It comprises of: Resources: Toyota has a wide variety of resources such as well qualified employees, infrastructure. Knowledge and the actions of decision makers: As they have well qualified employees, Toyotas decision makers are successful decision makers. External Business environment is a set of political, economic, social and technological forces. These forces can have a negative as well as positive impact on the operation of a business. External factors are of two types (i) External Micro factors, and (ii) External Macro factors. External micro factors comprises of suppliers, agents, transporters, distributors, wholesalers etc. External macro factors comprises of Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors. External micro factors or industry factors can be influenced by an organisation whereas; External macro factors cannot be influenced by an organisation. Before beginning the marketing process, it is very important for an organisation to consider its external macro environment. External macro factors comprise of PEST factors as discussed above. PEST factors are explained below: Political: Political factor involve political stability, legal obligations for contract, intellectual property protection, trade regulations and tariffs, pricing regulations, taxation, wage legislation, product labelling requirements, environmental regulations. In 2004, Toyota spent $2.4 million (approx.) on lobbying. In 2005, its lobbying investment increased to $3.4 million and also for the first time TMC considered on creating a political committee. One strong factor behind Toyotas quest of greater political clout may be the possibility that the Big Three, staggered by slumping sales, will ask Congress for subsidies or a bailout, said Joan Claybrook, the president of the Public Citizen watchdog group in Washington. Economic: These factors comprise of Government intervention in the free market, infrastructure quality, inflation rate, interest rate, economic growth rate, availability of labour, wage rate of labour. Toyota got a tax incentive on producing clean fuel and hybrid engine cars. Due to this tax rebate on Toyota, purchasing parity of consumers was increased for expensive hybrid engine and clean fuel cars. Social: Social factors involve education, class structure, demographics, culture etc. Toyota has always remained one step ahead to its competitors. Toyota believes in sustainable development and they have proved it by producing clean fuel and hybrid engine cars. These cars ensure safety, better environment and affordability to their customers. Technological: These factors depend on a countrys technological knowhow, recent technological advancements, rate of technological diffusion, investments made by the company etc. Toyota invests millions of dollars an hour to improve their technology for better driving experience as well as for the safety of passengers. Toyota also managed to bag some awards for their safety systems installed in the car, which is again possible due to advanced technology. Advantages of PEST analysis: PEST analysis is an effective and efficient tool, which provides a framework to an organisation for effective decision making. By making effective use of PEST analysis, one can ensure affirmative orientation of the business organisation. PEST analysis also helps an organisation in avoiding decisions which should not be taken. PEST analysis helps in making lawful decisions for the companies which are willing to enter into a new market. Disadvantages of PEST analysis: PEST analysis considers only the external business factors, but in reality all the factors should be considered in order to make effective decisions for an organisation. Most of the data gathered through this analysis is based on assumptions, which sometimes may not prove to be fruitful for an organisation. The rapid changes in the world economy can also make it difficult in analysing PEST factors for an organisation. The second tool used by TMC, the SWOT analysis is discussed below: SWOT analysis helps an organisation in achieving their goals in the environment in which they are operating. It comprises of environmental factors such as Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. An explanation of these factors in context to TMC is discussed below: Strengths: Strength can be the expertise of an organisation. This attribute is internal to an organisation and can be controlled by it. Toyota made new investments in USA and China; subsequently their profits were also increased. This increase in the profits was due to the effective market segmentation which Toyota made. Toyota uses marketing techniques to find the needs of their target customers, the profits are also maximised by using effective manufacturing techniques. Weaknesses: Weaknesses of a company could be lack of effective marketing techniques, location of business, poor reputation etc. In Toyotas case, the weakness is the economic and political conditions of the countries in which it manufactures the largest number of cars. The demand for cars in USA and Japan is very fluctuating, this is the reason Toyota is making a shift toward emerging economies like China. Opportunities: An organisation can have many opportunities such as; mergers and acquisitions, availability of internet through which marketing becomes much easier, a new market segment, advance technology etc. Toyota has an opportunity of advanced technology, a new market segment and the availability of internet. By using advanced technology they produced hybrid cars, they got a new market segment in the name of Youth and they advertise their models on the internet. Threats: Threats can be minor manufacturing defects which can hamper the reputation of a company, price wars with competitors, new innovative product with the rival etc. Toyota has a threat in terms of both manufacturing defects as well as price wars. In 2005, Toyota had to recall a large number of vehicles due to faulty front wheel suspension system. And in USA, Toyota is facing tuff competition with General Motors. Advantages of SWOT analysis: One of the major advantages of SWOT analysis is that it provides a clear view of all the opportunities and issues being faced by an organisation. SWOT analysis also helps an organisation in saving time. SWOT analysis is very easy to perform; any employee with basic understanding can perform it efficiently. Disadvantages of SWOT analysis: SWOT analysis requires further thorough research in order to get a more comprehensive picture. For example, a business must consider the degrees of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Sometimes, an organisation tends to miss the weaknesses after looking at the strengths. A thorough SWOT analysis should also see the opportunities available to a company in relation to strengths and weaknesses. SWOT analysis is an informal method which provides just an overview of the current market situation of a company.

Cement Industry Essay

In today’s world of rapidly increasing competition, firms are selling goods and services through a variety of direct and indirect channels. In mass advertising, marketers are exploring new forms of communication, such as experimental, entertainment and viral marketing. Creative Advertising is the means to break clutter in such new forms – it helps Differentiation, Recognition, Recall and Persuasion in an effective manner. Creativity in advertising involves disciplined thinking and requires the creative person to think differently within specific constraints. The advertisement project is a complex exercise that that consumes a lot of effort, cost and time from different experts in the team which requires every part of the project process to be well-studied, documented and well planned. A lot of research needs to get conducted about the audience, product and media of the advertisement. Increasing sales is not the only goal of the advertising decision and could also involve introducing a new product, delivering the product message, etc. The most important aspect of the creative advertising process is the idea and the creative concept. Advertisers use different ways of thinking via several types of creative strategies to promote publicity, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. One such creative advertisement campaign is the Vodafone’s ZooZoo ads which caught the fancy of the consumers and helped the company develop its own entity in a splendid and innovative manner. The advertising landscape has experienced dramatic change over the past several years and as the advertising medium gradually shifts to the digital platform, agencies are finding new ways to connect with the customers and build their brands. This media confluence is one of the foremost challenges of creative advertising as the advertisers have to reinvent the mass message model, help consumers tell stories, play in an evolving arena and develop talent with creative vision. INTRODUCTION Advertising has long been viewed as a method of mass promotion in that a single message can reach a large number of people. But, this mass promotion approach presents problems since many exposed to an advertising message may not be within the marketer’s target market, and thus, may be an inefficient use of promotional funds. However, this is changing as new advertising technologies and the emergence of new media outlets offer more options for targeted advertising. Advertising also has a history of being considered a one-way form of marketing communication where the message receiver is not in position to immediately respond to the message. In fact, it is expected that over the next 10-20 years advertising will move away from a one-way communication model and become one that is highly interactive. Another characteristic that may change as advertising evolves is the view that advertising does not stimulate immediate demand for the product advertised. That is, customers cannot quickly purchase a product they see advertised. But as more media outlets allow customers to interact with the messages being delivered the ability of advertising to quickly stimulate demand will improve. It is estimated that worldwide spending on advertising exceeds (US) $400 billion. This level of spending supports thousands of companies and millions of jobs. In fact, in many countries most media outlets, such as television, radio and newspapers, would not be in business without revenue generated through the sale of advertising. Most organizations, large and small, that rely on marketing to create customer interest are engaged in consistent use of advertising to help meet marketing objectives. However not every advertisement achieves its objective as the consumer is subjected to innumerable ads daily in newspapers, television, billboards, websites, etc. Therefore those Ads which catch customer’s attention have something unique which makes then interesting and unforgettable. The majority of copywriters agree that creativity is extremely important in ads and it usually works more effectively in catching the interest of people/customer than all other techniques put together. The originality of the idea or ad makes it more recognizable and is able to beat the competition. Creativity is the marriage of imagination and execution, thinking and doing. Creativity in the context of today’s world is underpinned by the fact that almost anything is possible given technology and platform advances. Technology is changing behavior, but ideas and how we tell the stories are everything – this is how we influence behavior. It’s about the idea and the story, not simply the devices or technologies, which create great and enduring ideas and are the hallmark of Creative Advertisements. ABOUT ADVERTISING Definition of Advertising: Advertising is defined differently by different authorities and the institutions dealing with the subject of advertising. The American Marketing Association defines advertising as â€Å"the placement of announcements and persuasive messages in time or space purchased in any of the mass media by business firms, nonprofit organizations, government agencies, and individuals who seek to inform and/ or persuade members of a particular target market or audience about their products, services, organizations, or ideas.† Purpose of Advertising: Through advertising, one can disseminate the message very effectively. Within few seconds the message can be disseminated to masses. The basic purpose of advertising for commercial advertisers is to identify and differentiate one product from another in order to persuade the consumer to buy that product in preference to another. Non-commercial advertisers (political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies) use advertising to educate people for their cause. Major Decisions before committing for any advertising campaign: Like other area of marketing management, decision-making is necessary in advertising. This relates to 5Ms – mission, money, message, media and measurement. Mission: What are the advertisement objectives? Decision in regard to mission is a basic one as other decisions are to be adjusted as per the mission or objective or purpose of advertising decided. It can be: Introduction of new product or service, or information about new features, repositioning of the brand or just reminder campaigns etc. Money: How much money to be spent. Advertising is costly and companies have to spend billions of dollars for this purpose. Advertising objectives determine the required budget. Message: What is the message to be sent? Positive results depend on message. It should be attractive and meaningful. It’s the job of the creative copywriters and artists. Message can be communicated by written words, pictures, slogans and so on. Media: What kind of media to be used. Selection of media depends upon cost, coverage, effectiveness and budget in hand. Wrong decision on media may make advertising ineffective and money spent will be wasted. The steps here are deciding on desired Reach, Frequency and Impact. Measure: How are the results to be determined? Evaluation of advertisement in order to judge its effectiveness. The post advertising sale is one major consideration. The other consideration is visibility of the advertisement. Steps involved in influencing customer decision: There is a very famous principle in ad world called as AIDA principle, which describes the steps that a prospective customer goes through before deciding to buy. AIDA stands for A- Awareness, I- Interest, D- desire and A- Action. Awareness – Ad should surprise the customer. Interest – This is usually where benefit phrases come heavily into play. Desire – Third step, customer realizes that product is good and beneficial. Action- The fourth stage occurs when the prospect decides to take Action and become a customer. HISTORY OF ADVERTISING History of ads can be traced back to 3000-4000 BC. There are signs that Romans used to announce gladiator fights by painting on the walls. Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia. Lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Active advertising in print media started in late 19th century. 20th century has witnessed evolution of advertising through various media. The concept of creativity in advertising was not discussed much until the 1960s, when a sea change in the way of producing advertising transformed the field forever. The central feature of this Creative Revolution was that creativity came to be valued over the formulas and research that previously drove the production of ads. Creative teams, a mainstay of nearly all agencies since the 1960s, did not exist prior to that time. The reigning paradigm was reason the why advertising that spoke to consumers in terms of unique selling propositions (USPs). The Creative Revolution changed not only the ground rules for making advertising, but also the kinds of people who were recruited into the business. The preeminence of creativity over formulaic advertising was strongly articulated and the effect was to place creativity before the other services of an advertising agency – market research, media analysis, and other support functions. CREATIVE ADVERTISING To really stand out in the crowd, an ad concept has to be really out of the box, something that intrigues an audience or at least make them look twice. There is no second chance at making a good first impression. With both online and offline advertising you only have seconds to catch the attention of your consumers. If that doesn’t happen, your ad campaign is considered a failure. Today’s advertising message must be better planned, more imaginative, more entertaining and more rewarding to customers. Inclusion of creative ideas (original, novel, out of box and useful ideas) in the ad campaign is called creative advertising. Creative advertisements are made not only to sell the product but to entertain the target audience. Creativity in advertising does not arise in a vacuum; it requires a certain degree of both general knowledge and field-specific knowledge. This is clearly true if we think of creativity as a form of innovation – we cannot know what is novel without a sense of what is already known in any area. The ad’s impact depends not only on what it says, but often more important, how it says it – execution is decisive and this is the crux of Creative Advertising. TYPES OF CREATIVE STRATEGIES Creative Strategies are used in order to obtain consumer attention and provoke shoppers to purchase or use a specific product. Creative Strategies promote publicity, public relations, personal and sales promotion. Creative strategies are divided into three basic forms: Weak Strategies: Generic and Pre-emptive strategies describe the two weakest forms of advertising that were most popular through the 1940s. A generic strategy gives a product attribution. Consumers aren’t learning anything new about the product. It enhances the product in no other way. A pre-emptive strategy is a form of advertising that makes a generic claim stronger. Middle Strength Strategies: Unique positioning and Brand Image are the two types. This proves that something about your product is truly unique. This is commonly found when producers take an average product and add a new, unique element to it. In brand image, an advertiser is not trying to create rational thinking. This type of advertising strives to create emotion and give a brand a personality. A common way of doing this is by using a celebrity as a spokesperson. Strong Strategies: Affective and resonance advertising are the two types. Making people feel really good about a product is called affective advertising. This is difficult to do, but often humor and an honest character can make affective advertising possible. Resonance advertising is a way of identifying with consumers. If an advertiser can create a campaign that certain target markets identify with, then resonance advertising has been achieved. FUNDAMENTALS OF CREATIVE ADVERTISING The Fundamentals of Creative Advertising provides an understanding of how to create and produce ad campaigns. The focus is on the various media available, the thinking and planning behind the campaign, the creative brief, and the creative solution and execution of the ad campaign. Market research underpins virtually all of the decisions made at the campaign planning stage. Through market research both the client and the agency are better able to understand the marketplace, identify and profile the target audience, test their creative ideas, choose the most appropriate media form and, finally, evaluate the success of the campaign. The client will normally provide basic and initial research about the target market and audience in the client brief, which is then supplemented by research undertaken by the agency. Having received the brief from the client, the creative ad team must now take all the knowledge that they have and use it to develop a campaign that will meet the requirements of the brief. They need to look closely at all the information they have been given and understand what it really means. The creative ad team must also identify any gaps in their knowledge that can be filled through market research. The Creative Brief: Role of the brief: A creative ad team will transform a client brief into a creative brief. Together they will develop an advertising strategy based on the information supplied in the client brief and the supplementary research undertaken. The campaign strategy is then articulated in the creative brief, which is approved by the client. Developing the brief: Before the creative brief can be formulated, the objectives of the advertising campaign have to be identified, together with a strategy for achieving those objectives. It is important to remember that the advertising medium itself is only one part of the communication strategy, which in turn is part of the overall marketing strategy. As such, the broader marketing strategy has to be considered before the creative brief can be formulated. The Creative Concept: The creative team: At the heart of every successful advertising campaign is the creative concept. The task of having an original concept, and a range of ideas allied to this concept, is in the hands of the creative team. The best creative teams have the capacity to be both original and fluent when it comes to generating such ideas. In other words, it is not just about having a novel idea†¦it’s about having lots of them! Research and Familiarization: The way the creative brief is written and its content can be an important trigger for your ideas and will also provide an important point of focus in terms of advertising objectives; who you are talking to, what you want to say to them, and how you want them to respond. For this reason it is best to keep referring back to the brief every so often during the creative process to make sure that you are staying on track. Idea Generation (Ideation): The secret to having good ideas is to have lots of ideas to choose from. The more ideas, the greater the chance, that there will be few ‘winners’ among them. Quantity equals quality, so don’t hold back and pre-judge your ideas, just have lots of them – the wilder the better! Wild ideas may be unusable in their raw state, but they can provide a springboard to a better idea as they can help you to see things from a different perspective. Once the basic campaign concept for the advertisement has been formulated and agreed by the client, it’s down to the creative team to coordinate its execution. In traditional creative partnerships, the copywriter will write any body copy so that the message is conveyed in a punchy and memorable way, using the correct tone of voice to evoke the right mood or provoke the desired reaction. The art director will be responsible for ‘crafting’ the advertisements – making sure that they look visually strong and have a consistency of layout and composition across the campaign. Crucially, they must also exude and reflect the brand values. EXAMPLE OF A CREATIVE ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN Creative ad campaigns instill a sense of awe and marvel in the people they target. They cause us to stand back and wonder, â€Å"How did the brand even come up with that?† When a brand gets an ad campaign right, they stand out amongst the myriad of typical, hackneyed, and lackluster ads that bombard us daily. Just like the Vodafone ZooZoo ads. Vodafone is known for its unique advertisement campaign such as pug, happy to help service and the â€Å"ZooZoo† advertisement campaign. As Vodafone was a new brand in India, it had a challenging task to develop its own entity. The previous name of this Indian company was associated with a pug. Vodafone decided to come with a new persona for itself, so the people of the country can associate it with the company. The company came with a brilliant persona for itself, which was very apt for it, The â€Å"ZooZoo†. With 25 such commercials planned, releasing one a day, to sustain interest till the end of the IPL SEASON 2.HaritNagpal, chief marketing officer, Vodafone India explains, â€Å"†¦the brand was in need of an idea that would work doubly hard, as it was planning to spend some four months’ worth of marketing monies in one month†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ZooZoo are advertisement characters promoted by Vodafone during the Indian Premier League Season 2. O&M experimented with several characters and finally â€Å"ZooZoo† was born as a completely Indian concept. The name had to be catchy, funny and memorable, though the name actually never pops up in any of the communication. Zoozoos are white creatures with ballooned bodies and egg heads who were used to promote various value added services of Vodafone. Each ad used a story which was enacted by the Zoozoos. These ads though look animated are actually real humans in the ZooZoo costumes. The ZooZoo advertisements were created in South Africa by Ogilvy & Mather, an international advertising, marketing, and public relations agency and Nirvana Films. Ogilvy &Mather were asked by Vodafone to create a series of 3D advertisements which could be aired each day during the IPL Season 2. They spent near Rs. 30 million to make these advertisements. The campaign created the buzz both in the traditional media as well as in social networking sites like Face book and Twitter and video sharing website, YouTube. Zoozoos are part of a unique and innovative advertisement strategy aimed at outdoing the strategies of Vodafone’s competitors. By the means of ZooZoo, Vodafone has tried to represent an image of the urban common man who is the main drive force behind the increased usage of telecom & VAS services in the tele-communication industry. Through ZooZoo characters they have tried to showcase how the various offers by Vodafone can be useful for an urban common man. What Vodafone did was they projected the usage of their VAS services through various advertisements based on different themes as per the product (VAS) that they were offering. The various services offered by Vodafone such as chota recharge, group SMS service, busy alert service, fashion tips, recharge anywhere, bhakti songs, stock alert, voice SMS etc were shown to the viewers not by normal advertisement ways but through some funny & catchy ZooZoo ads which were successful in immediately drawing the attention of urban population including all age groups. Each of the advertisement was specific to one particular VAS service & revolved around the same to make the customer understand the service. Because of the uniqueness & attractiveness of these Zoozoos, Vodafone was able to draw the attention of the audiences quickly towards these ads which became soon very popular & thus the VAS offered by Vodafone. The success of ZooZoo is the success of minimalism and simplicity. As a part of a unique and innovative advertisement strategy which was being tried for the first time in India, the ZooZoo also generated tremendous mass appeal through the internet. The ZooZoo campaign has been able to generate a lot of curiosity among the viewers. The fan club of ZooZoo touched to several million and various interactive quizzes came up in these days as evident in the wallpapers and screensavers in the cell phones. All these transformed into a great viral marketing event. Another important advantage is that it involves very low cost in the implementation of the ZooZoo campaign and this amount as compared with the benefits it generated was infinitesimal. There is no celebrity required as a brand ambassador, unlike the campaigns being run by its competitors like Airtel and Idea, which resulted in a dual advantage. ZooZoo advertisements helped Vodafone increase its customer base by 3.8 % in the 1st quarter of 2010. The reason behind the Zoozoos becoming so famous is its familiarity with the cartoons which people used to watch as kids and invokes pleasant memories and fantastical world people used to live as children. It also does not produce bias of any kind (class, creed, religion etc) and hence this advertising strategy of Vodafone has been able to capture the imagination of millions across the country. The ad campaigns have given Vodafone a new look that will go a long way in further improving its brand image. The commercials have hit the Indian market like storm and will now probably go into history as one of the most brilliant advertising idea for the industry and the results it achieved are instructive for marketers and advertising agencies. Vodafone has benefited immensely from this campaign as the Zoozoos have become a brand in themselves. The creativity in the advertisement campaign caught the attention and fancy of the consumers, aroused curiosity, told stories and made people retell the story. In their remarks about the brand, the campaign achieved a remarkable success. We are all familiar with the standard measures of advertising effectiveness — memorability, message comprehension, persuasion and likeability. However, getting people to talk and discuss the advertising gives it a multiplier effect that helps to reach and impact more people than before. As the media gets more cluttered and expensive and viewers get cynical about the message, there is a need for advertising to be spoken about to make the brand and it’s messaging more impactful. It is not just traditional 360 degrees integrated communication by using multiple media to bombard the consumers with the message. Rather effective advertisement is all about developing creative content that naturally lends itself into being talked about and thus gets present in multiple media. CREATIVE ADVERTISING IN DIGITAL WORLD As consumers spend more time online, they have more control over traditional advertising vehicles, and chose to create and share their own content. As a result, some advertisers are evolving to a confluence culture where traditional methods of work must adapt to embrace the new reality of interactive content, emerging media, and production/consumption methods. Confluence culture thus suggests that agencies as units and the advertising profession as a whole face numerous challenges to their traditional ways of operation as they grow and morph and react to cultural shifts, particularly when it comes to creativity and ideas. Interactive creativity is built around engagement, and it recognizes that people are inherently social and look to create and maintain relations not only with other people but also with brands. Brand stories, both in traditional media and online, provide ways for advertisers to engage consumers more deeply with their brands. An engagement perspective changes the view of a brand from a transactional perspective, in which a brand addresses a transient need, to an interactional perspective, by which the brand story becomes part of a person’s own story about him or herself. The act of consuming media online has become synonymous with the act of producing media. Many online users are not content with accessing and viewing or listening to content from established sources; rather, they want to interact with message content by adding to it or repurposing it for new and different uses. Some traditionally closed models of information distribution (e.g., Web pages) therefore have given way to new, open models. These new systems, including the social media sites Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube, enable consumers to distribute content that they create. Interactive creativity therefore involves providing consumers with the tools they need to be creative themselves. To promote its new line of coffees, McDonald’s developed a site where visitors could create their own coffee ring snowflakes. On the CNN site, consumers can select news headlines to make into t-shirts, branded with the CNN logo. In each of these settings, the brand becomes the base for the creative product, and the time spent on the sites during the creation process allows brand registration to occur. Participation suggests that brand stories actually are created and disseminated in a partnership between advertiser and consumer. Leaders in the confluence culture will be those creative strategists who have an understanding of all aspects of the advertising process and use creative skills to solve brand problems. These individuals-nimble, digital, and prepared for new challenges will be able to consider the stories people tell, craft resonant brand narratives, and help clients use these stories to connect people to brands in new and exciting ways. Agencies embracing the creative strategist approach will be poised to provide outstanding messages for clients, protect against economic downturns as clients embrace the value of such messages, and find even more innovative ways to communicate. CONCLUSION Creative Advertising comes with its own set of challenges, particularly when it comes to harnessing the power of creativity so that the message gets conveyed in an appropriate manner keeping the holistic vision of the brand into context. The real success of an ad campaign for its creativity can be measured by evaluating the sophistication level of below parameters: * Time and Space consumed * Superiority over competition * Distinguish Products * Influence customers * Was it Eye Catchy * Relate with the Values of Target Audiences Advertising is an exciting field and the industry is constantly changing to provide new challenges and creative problems to solve. The true test of creativity is the ability to adapt to change, and consistently find new and original solutions. Advertising is likely to play a crucial role in marketing products and services for the foreseeable future, but the opportunities offered by new technology and media provide a much broader canvas for advertisers and creative teams. REFERENCES 1. Marketing Management – Kotler, Keller, Koshy, Jha 2. Advertising in Rural India: Language, Marketing Communication, and Consumerism – Bhatia 3. What is Advertising? Advertising & Society Review 6, no. 3 (2005) 4. The fundamentals of Creative Advertising by Ken Burtenshaw, Nick Mahon & Caronine Banfot 5. Inclusive Branding by Klaus Schmidt & Chris Ludlon. 6. Zenith International Journal of Business Economics & Research 7. Rediff.com Business – The Magic of the Zoozoos 8. Wikipedia – Creative Strategies

English Law Report

Introduction In UK there are three main sources of English law, Legislation (Statue Law), Common Law (Judge-made Law) and the European Communities law. Pg 41, Longshaw, (2002) The purpose of this report is to explain the basis of Common made Law and also to explain duty of care, negligence, trespass, and consent. I will also look at how specific legislations instruct health care practitioners as to their legal responsibilities. Statute Law Legislation however, is probably the most important source of law in the UK. Legislation developed later than common law as a major source of law.It is made by Parliament, i. e. the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch and they can make or unmake any law. Proposals for legislation (‘Bills') are presented to debate by and voted upon by the House of Common and the House of Lords, finally receiving the assent of the Monarch and thus becoming Acts (Statutes) of Parliament. Common Law Common law forms a major part of England's law. It covers common crimes that happen on a day to day basis and have always existed such as rape, assault, murder and theft.It is created and refined by judges: a decision in a currently pending legal case depends on decisions in previous cases and affects how the law is applied in future cases. Common law evolves with time and the sentencing for various crimes can be made harsher or softer. It uses the idea of precedence so that punishments that have been passed before in similar crimes can be used to determine the punishment for a similar crime. When there is no authoritative statement of the law, judges have the authority and duty to make law by creating precedent. Jokinen, 2009) A precedence of common law is set down by Lord Atkins through the Donaghue vs. Stevenson case. There are two types of precedents: binding precedents (a past decision which is binding – the legal point of the earlier case is identical or sufficiently similar to the present one and the decision was r endered by a higher court) or persuasive precedents (which the court may consider but is not bound to follow) Sources of persuasive precedent may also be the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the European Court of Human Rights or courts of countries which also apply the common law.Duty of Care In English law an individual is owed a duty of care by another, to ensure that they do not suffer unreasonable harm or loss. This definition of duty of care known today came from Lord Atkin and the ‘Neighbour Principle' that came from the judgment on the Donaghue vs. Stevenson case in 1932. The Donaghue verses Stevenson is the case of Mrs Donaghue claiming damages from gastroenteritis after drinking a bottle of ginger beer and finding a decomposing snail in it. She was claiming damages against Mr. Stevenson the manufactures of the ginger beer.When this case first came to court neither Scottish law nor British common law saw duty of care in regards to someone remotely connected. Lo rd Atkins changed things by saying everyone has a duty of care to their neighbour here is a quote of what the legal definition of a neighbour should be. â€Å"The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer's question â€Å"Who is my neighbour? † receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee and would be likely to injure your neighbour.Who then in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. † (Lord Atkins, 1932) When this duty of care is not acted upon this s called negligence. Negligence Negligence is a tort law, which establishes legal liability for careless actions or inaction which causes injury.Therefore negligence is not concerned with the action or inaction, but with the manner in which the action or inaction is carried out. Negligent conduct is that which falls below an acceptable standard, this standard has been established in order to protect others from an unreasonable risk of harm. Not every type of carelessness is defined as legal negligence. There are four elements that need to be proved for an action or inaction to be defined as legal negligence this are; duty, breach, causation and damage.The â€Å"ABC† rule has to be met before negligence can be. A is that there has to be a duty of care between the health care practitioner and the patient. B is that the actions of the health care practitioner fell short of the duty of care identified in A. And C is that this action leads to damages occurring. Negligence is a part of Tort law. Trespass Trespass to the person in a medical setting could be a doctor or nurse carrying out a procedure without the consent of the patient; however this is not always the case.In some cases doctors can perform emergency procedures to save a patient's life without their consent this is sometimes because the patient is too ill to consent or there is a complication while another procedure is taking place. An example of trespass to the body in a medical setting is the case of Bartley v Studd. This case is about John Studd removing Mrs Bartley's ovaries while doing a hysterectomy without her consent. (Garner, 1997). In the case of trespass, it does not have to be proved that any harm has occurred to the patient, which could have been the case in the above situation.However, if the patient could prove that they would not have agreed to the procedure having known the risks beforehand and they can prove that they have suffered harm as a result, then they could succeed in a case of negligence against the nurse (Dimond 2003). Role and codes of practice Legislation, also known as Acts of Parliament or Statutes, is the commonest source of new law in the United Kingdom and is of great relevance to health, care ; social workers. There is another form of law known as Case Law -essentially ‘judge-made law'.This is often referred to as Common law, developed by individual judicial decisions. Where a legal issue has been decided by a judge or judges in a superior court, lower courts are bound to follow this decision in subsequent cases. In other words when a senior judge has made a decision about case, other judges abide by this decision (called a precedent). Most law was made this way up until the 17th century but more recent legislation is nearly all created by Acts of Parliament, referred to as Primary Legislation.The role of the judges is still important though, as they play a part in law-making by interpreting Acts of Parliament and their rulings may become law, as in the case of Regulations. Both the Acts and their relevant Regulations are law. Regulations and guidelines Regulations, guidance and procedures along wi th various codes of practice produced by the relevant professional bodies: the Nursing ; Midwifery Council (NMC) for Nurses and Midwifes, recommend what is considered to be good practice on a day-to-day basis for professionals.This means in effect that the professional has a defence against claims of malpractice or negligence if s/he has followed the authorised guidance and regulations. However the converse also applies. If a professional has not followed accepted guidance or procedure and a client or patient has suffered harm as a result of the professional's actions, the professional may be personally found guilty of negligence. Trespass and Consent Common law has protected the personal and bodily interests of the individual through the law of trespass.When a patient undergoes treatment, it is the provision of consent that prevents the doctor from being held liable for a battery or for negligence. The essential elements to a valid consent can be summed up as follows: a) the patien t must have sufficient understanding, otherwise known as the mental capacity to make the decision, b) the patient must consent (or refuse) the treatment of his own free will, with no duress or undue influence, and c) the patient must have been given sufficient information about the proposed treatment. 1 patient is capable of making such decisions, his consent or refusal will be valid.In practice it can be seen that a patient who is very unsteady on their feet is at high risk of falling and it can be reasonably foreseeable that the patient could fall. In this situation, the nurse should take appropriate action to try and prevent the patient falling, and this falls within the duty of care that the nurse owes the patient. The nurse could communicate with other staff about the patient's mobility and also put interventions in place to help prevent the patient falling. However, if the nurse was to ignore this reasonably foreseeable event and the patient did fall, the nurse would be in bre ach of her duty and could be negligent.For an act of negligence to be established, it must first be determined that there is a duty of care owed. The Bolam test may be one way of establishing negligence in this case as other nurses in the same field may be asked what actions they would have taken in this situation. Conclusion. In this report we see that everyday practice professionals need to always refer to legislation directly – agencies that employ health and care workers, such as the NHS and Social Services Departments, will usually have produced documents that detail policy and procedure, designed to help them act in accordance with the law.In conclusion this report also gives us a slight insight into the English Law within the legal system today. Bibliography Bradney, F. C. (200). English Legal System in Context (2nd ed. ). London: Reed Elsevier Ltd. Curzon, L. (2002). Dictionary of Law (6th ed. ). Essex: Pearson Education Ltd. Fleming, J. G. (1998). The Law of Torts (9 th ed. ). Sydney: LBC Information Services. Garner, C. (1997, September 27). Doctor who removed patient's ovaries without her consent found guilty of misconduct. Retrieved Feb 13, 2013, from The Independent: http://www. ndependent. co. uk/news/doctor-who-removed-patients-ovaries-without-her-consent-found-guilty-of-misconduct-1241322. html Gibbins, J. M. (2003). Complete A-Z Law Handbook (3rd ed. ). London: Hodder and Stoughton Educational. Holdsworth, M. (2006). Introduction to the English Legal System. citizED Citizenship and Teacher Education. Jokinen, A. (2009, April 13). Common Law. Retrieved November 7, 2010, from Luminarium: http://www. luminarium. org/encyclopedia/commonlaw. htm Lewis, J. P. (2008, November 11). Teenager who won right to die: ‘I have had oo much trauma'. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from Guardian: http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/2008/nov/11/child-protection-health-hannah-jones Lord Atkins, L. B. -P. (1932). Donoghue verses Stevenson. Retrieved from Scottish Council of Law Reporting: Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http://www. scottishlawreports. org. uk/resources/dvs/page-images/pages/Lord-Atkin-Page-2. html Mary Charman, J. M. (2004). Law AS & A2. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Quinn, C. E. (2006). AS Law (3rd ed. ). Essex: Pearsin Education Ltd. Pg 41, Longshaw, A & Hughes, M W200: Understanding Law – Manual 1 (6th Edition), (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford). BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Slapper G. and Kelly D. The English Legal System (5th Edition), (2001) Cavendish Publishing Ltd, London. 2. Longshaw, A & Hughes, M W200: Understanding Law – Manual 1 (6th Edition), (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford). 3. Penner J. E. Law Dictionary (12th Eidtion), (2001) Butterworths, London). 4. http://www. lawcampus. butterworths. com/log_in. htm 5. http://athens. butterworths. co. uk/athenslogin/FormsLogin. asp? /athenslogin/buttlogin. htm